The Joys of Motherhood

This blog is a response to the task assigned by Yesha Bhatt madam, wherein I am analyzing Buchi Emecheta's novel The Joys of Motherhood in light of feminist and neo-feminist theories.

The Joys of Motherhood: A Feminist Analysis

Nigerian novelist Buchi Emecheta's 1979 novel The Joys of Motherhood is a vivid exploration of the arduous experiences of Igbo women and the essence of motherhood. The tale follows the protagonist, Nnu Ego, through her struggles as a woman navigating Nigeria's colonial history, rural peasantry, sexism, and post-colonial realities. Through her experiences, Emecheta demonstrates the hardships experienced by her protagonist and other Igbo women alike, ultimately highlighting the oppressive nature of the Igbo patriarchal system and the realities of the expected maternal roles of these women. Thus, The Joys of Motherhood serves as an example of how feminist theory can be applied to literary works, shedding light on the struggles experienced by women and how their day-to-day lives are shaped by the underlying pressure of sexist systems.

Feminist theory can be used to analyze various aspects of the novel, such as the character of Nnu Ego and the family dynamics required to adhere to the restrictive colonialist and sexist structures of the Igbo society. By dissecting the novel in such a way, feminist theory serves to deconstruct the oppressive patriarchal systems of the Igbo society, highlighting the struggles and hardships of both Nnu Ego and other Igbo women. In order to do this, the paper will first analyze Nnu Ego’s experience as a wife, mother, businesswoman and Imperial captive by delving into the multifaceted facets of her identity. Secondly, the paper will discuss the representation of Nnu Ego’s family and the performance of familial roles within a traditionally feminine environment, emphasizing the ways in which the patriarchal systems colonized the individual identities of the Igbo women.

First, Nnu Ego is a character who is constantly renegotiating her identity within the context of the oppressive Igbo patriarchal structures. As a wife, her life is constantly dictated by her husband and her in-laws, creating a sense of alienation and exploitation in her day-to-day existence. As a devoted wife and mother, it is her duty to fulfill these roles with no sense of individual identity, an experience many Igbo women, including Nnu Ego, have had to endure. In addition, Nnu Ego’s experience as a businesswoman demonstrates how the patriarchal structures of the Igbo society prevent her from achieving her goal of financial independence, underlining the consequences of a system in which women are denied agency. Finally, her captivity to the Imperial forces serves as a direct representation of the colonizer’s power over the Igbo people, demonstrating how the forces of imperialism dictate the lives of Igbo women, ultimately reducing them to subservient beings. Through her unique experiences, Emecheta emphasizes the various ways in which the oppressive Igbo patriarchal systems dictate the daily lives of its women, thus providing a platform to discuss the various facets of feminist theory.

The representation of the family in The Joys of Motherhood serves as an example of the systems of control used to exploit the Igbo women. Nnu Ego’s family is portrayed as a typical Igbo family living in rural Nigeria, with her bearing the burdens of being both a wife and a mother, while her husband is free to move and gain wealth and power. Their relationship is one of subordination, with Nnu Ego deferring to her husband’s decisions and allowing him to make all the financial decisions. This same subordination is extended to Nnu Ego’s children, with her trying to show her love, yet still adhering to the patriarchal expectations of family life, such as the directive to discipline “her daughter”, which is seen by Emecheta as a symbol of power and control. In this way, Emecheta uses the family structure to illustrate the various roles expected of the Igbo women, from being expectant mothers, to taking care of their children, to assisting their husbands. Moreover, by using the family as a platform to express these ideas, Emecheta is emphasizing the ways in which the family serves as a microcosm for the oppressive systems of Igboland, ultimately reinforcing the colonialist and patriarchal forces influencing these women’s lives.

The main female characters struggle to shed the conditioning which forces them to act out roles that bring little fulfilment. With reference to this, study The Joys of Motherhood by applying a feminist theory.

One key aspect of feminist theory that is relevant to the novel is the concept of gender conditioning or the ways in which society imposes certain expectations and behaviours on individuals based on their gender. In The Joys of Motherhood, the main female characters, including Nnu Ego, are conditioned to act out certain roles and behaviours that are prescribed by their culture and society. For example, Nnu Ego is expected to be a good wife and mother, and to prioritize the needs and desires of her husband and children above her own. This conditioning is evident in the way that Nnu Ego sacrifices her own goals and desires to fulfil her role as a mother and wife, even when it leads to her own suffering and unhappiness.

This struggle to shed the conditioning that forces them to act out roles that bring little fulfillment is at the heart of the novel's portrayal of neo-feminism. As a movement, neo-feminism seeks to critique and challenge traditional gender roles and expectations, and to create more equitable and fulfilling ways of being for all genders. In The Joys of Motherhood, this struggle is exemplified by the main female characters, who seek to find agency and fulfillment within a society that is structured by patriarchal norms and expectations.

One way to approach a feminist analysis of The Joys of Motherhood is through the lens of gender conditioning, or the ways in which society imposes certain expectations and behaviors on individuals based on their gender. As feminist scholar, Judith Butler writes, "Gender is not a fact, but a process of signification that produces material effects" (Butler, 1990). In the novel, the main female characters, including Nnu Ego, are conditioned to act out certain roles and behaviors that are prescribed by their culture and society. For example, Nnu Ego is expected to be a good wife and mother, and to prioritize the needs and desires of her husband and children above her own. This conditioning is evident in the way that Nnu Ego sacrifices her own goals and desires in order to fulfill her role as a mother and wife, even when it leads to her own suffering and unhappiness.

For example, Nnu Ego's husband is able to dictate the terms of their marriage and exert control over her life, and the male elders in her community are able to make decisions that affect her and the other women in her village. This dynamic illustrates the ways in which patriarchy can constrain and oppress women, even within a culture that places a high value on motherhood and femininity.

In this way, The Joys of Motherhood offers a nuanced and complex portrayal of the experiences of women in a traditional, patriarchal culture, and the ways in which they seek to challenge and resist these constraints in order to live more fulfilling and autonomous lives. As Nnu Ego and the other female characters struggle to find agency and fulfillment within a society that is structured by patriarchal norms and expectations, they embody the ideals of neo-feminism and offer a compelling portrayal of the ongoing struggle for gender equity.

To conclude, The Joys of Motherhood serves as an example of how feminist theory can be applied to explore the various pressures that the women of Igbo society have to endure. Through Nnu Ego’s experience as a wife, mother, businesswoman and captive to the imperial forces, Emecheta provides an in-depth exploration of these struggles. Additionally, the representation of her family serves as a platform to illustrate the socially dictated roles that Igbo women must adhere to, ultimately highlighting the ways in which these sexist systems colonize the individual identities of the Igbo women. Thus, through this feminist analysis of The Joys of Motherhood, by Buchi Emecheta, much insight can be gained into the struggles and hardships experienced by the women of rural Nigeria who must try to survive in a traditionally masculine world.

Overall, The Joys of Motherhood is a rich and thought-provoking novel that offers a poignant portrayal of the struggles and triumphs of women in traditional, patriarchal culture. Through its portrayal of the main female characters' efforts to shed the conditioning that forces them to act out roles that bring little fulfilment, the novel speaks to the ongoing struggle for gender equity and the enduring relevance of feminist theory.

References:

Butler, Judith. “Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity.” Routledge, 1990.

Emecheta, Buchi. The Joys of Motherhood. Allison & Busby, 1978.

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Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

This blog is a response to the task assigned by Megha Trivedi madam. In this blog I am writing what is plagiarism, it form and consequestions.

Source

What is Plagiarism and what are its consequences?

Derived from the Latin word plagiatius ("kidnapper"), to plagiarize means" to commit literary theft" and to "present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source" (Merriam- Webster's Collegiate Dictionary). Plagiarism involves two kinds of wrongs. Using another person's ideas, information, or expressions without acknowledging that person's work constitutes intellectual theft. Passing off another person's ideas, information, or expressions as your own to get a better grade or gain some other advantage constitutes fraud. Plagiarism is sometimes a moral and ethical offence rather than a legal one since some instances of plagiarism fall outside the scope of copyright infringement, a legal offence.

According to the Modern Language Association (MLA) 9th edition, plagiarism is defined as the act of using someone else's work or ideas as your own without proper attribution. This can include copying text directly from a source or paraphrasing ideas from a source without giving credit to the original author. Plagiarism is considered a serious offence in academia and can have serious consequences for students and professionals.

It is important to understand the importance of proper citation and to always give credit to the original authors of any work used. This includes quoting directly from a source, paraphrasing ideas from a source, or using someone else's research or data. When using the work of others, it is essential to clearly indicate the source of the material and to provide proper attribution to the original author. Failure to do so is considered plagiarism and can have serious consequences.

Consequences of plagiarism: 

Consequences of plagiarism can vary depending on the situation and the severity of the offence. In academic settings, consequences may include failing a class, being expelled from school, or having one's degree revoked. In professional settings, consequences may include being fired from a job, losing credibility or reputation, and legal action. In addition to these consequences, plagiarism can also have long-term effects on a person's career prospects and opportunities. It is important to understand the importance of proper citation and to always give credit to the original authors of any work used. 

According to the Modern Language Association (MLA) 9th edition, plagiarism is the act of using someone else's work or ideas as your own without proper attribution. This can include copying text directly from a source or paraphrasing ideas from a source without giving credit to the original author. Plagiarism is considered a serious offence in academia and can have serious consequences for students and professionals.

Consequences of plagiarism can vary depending on the situation and the severity of the offence. In academic settings, consequences may include:

• Failing a class or assignment
• Receiving a lower grade or a failing grade on a paper or project
• Being placed on academic probation or being suspended or expelled from school
• Having one's degree revoked

In professional settings, consequences of plagiarism may include:

• Losing credibility or reputation
• Being fired from a job
• Legal action, including fines and penalties
• Damage to one's career prospects and future opportunities

It is important to understand the importance of proper citation and to always give credit to the original authors of any work used. Plagiarism can have serious and long-term consequences, and it is essential to avoid it at all costs.

Forms of Plagiarism:

The Modern Language Association (MLA) 9th edition identifies several forms of plagiarism, which are the act of using someone else's work or ideas as your own without proper attribution. Here are some examples of these forms of plagiarism:

Copying and pasting: This is the act of copying text directly from a source and pasting it into your own work without proper attribution. For example, if you copy a paragraph from a book and include it in your paper without properly citing the source, you are committing this form of plagiarism.

Paraphrasing without proper attribution: This is the act of restating the ideas of a source in your own words without giving credit to the original author. 

For example, if you read an article and then write a summary of the main points without properly citing the source, you are committing this form of plagiarism.

Using someone else's research or data: This is the act of using someone else's research or data as your own without proper attribution. 

For example, if you use someone else's data in a research paper or presentation without citing the source, you are committing this form of plagiarism.

Self-plagiarism: This is the act of using your own previously published work or ideas as your own without proper attribution.

For example, if you submit a paper for a class that you have previously submitted for another class or published in a journal without proper citation, you are committing this form of plagiarism.

It is important to understand the importance of proper citation and to always give credit to the original authors of any work used. Plagiarism in any form is considered a serious offense and can have serious consequences. It is essential to avoid all forms of plagiarism in order to maintain the integrity of your work.

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Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins: Translation and the Shaping of the Modernist Poetic Discourse in Indian Poetry by E.V. Ramakrishnan

"Shifting Centres and Emerging Margins: Translation and the Shaping of the Modernist Poetic Discourse in Indian Poetry" is a scholarly article written by E.V. Ramakrishnan that examines the role of translation in the development of modernist poetic discourse in India.

Abstract:

This article examines the role of translation in the development of modernist poetic discourse in India during the early 20th century. The author argues that translation was instrumental in the creation of a new, hybrid literary language that drew from both Indian and Western sources and that this language was crucial in the development of modernist poetic forms and styles. The article also discusses the way in which translation was used to challenge and subvert traditional literary hierarchies and power structures in India, and how it facilitated the emergence of new, marginalized voices and perspectives. Overall, the article offers a detailed and nuanced analysis of the role of translation in the development of modernist poetic discourse in India and provides essential insights into the ways in which translation can shape and influence literary movements and cultural identities.

In the article, Ramakrishnan argues that translation significantly shaped the modernist poetic discourse that emerged in India during the early 20th century. He suggests that translation was instrumental in the creation of a new, hybrid literary language that drew from both Indian and Western sources and that this language was crucial in the development of modernist poetic forms and styles.

Ramakrishnan also discusses the way in which translation was used to challenge and subvert traditional literary hierarchies and power structures in India, and how it facilitated the emergence of new, marginalized voices and perspectives. He contends that translation was an essential tool for creating a new, more inclusive literary culture in India that was open to various styles and traditions.

Overall, the article offers a detailed and nuanced analysis of the role of translation in the development of modernist poetic discourse in India, and provides important insights into the ways in which translation can shape and influence literary movements and cultural identities.

Key Arguments:

Translation significantly shaped the modernist poetic discourse that emerged in India during the early 20th century.

The translation was instrumental in the creation of a new, hybrid literary language that drew from both Indian and Western sources, and this language was crucial in the development of modernist poetic forms and styles.

The translation was used to challenge and subvert traditional literary hierarchies and power structures in India and facilitated the emergence of new, marginalized voices and perspectives.

The translation was an essential tool for creating a new, more inclusive literary culture in India that was open to various styles and traditions.

Translation played a key role in the development of modernist poetic discourse in India and offers important insights into the ways in which translation can shape and influence literary movements and cultural identities.

YouTube Video:

Presentation:

sem4 comparative study.pptx from Khushbumakwana3

Introduction: History in Translation by Tejaswini Niranjana

This blog is a response to the task assigned by dr Dilip Barad. In this blog, I am going to write about Tejaswini Niranjana's article titled "Introduction: History in Translation"

This article provides an introduction to Tejaswini Niranjana's field of study, the history of translation. It provides a brief overview of the major theories and approaches to translation studies that are currently in vogue and then focuses on the implications of these theories and approaches for the history of translation. The article then considers the implications of translation studies for contemporary debates on identity, power and cultural interaction. Finally, it offers an overview of the future of the field, with a focus on the need for new perspectives and methodologies that can better capture the complexity of translation in its historical context.

Key Arguments:

1. Translation studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the history, theory and practice of translation. It is based on the idea that translation is a complex process of interpreting meaning and conveying that meaning across languages, cultures and contexts.

2. Translation studies has implications for the history of translation, as it can provide new insights into the ways in which translations have been used to shape power and identity across time and space.

3. Translation studies can be used to understand the dynamics of cultural interaction better, as it involves the negotiation of meaning between different languages and cultures.

4. Current approaches to translation studies emphasize the need for new perspectives and methodologies that can capture the complexity of translation in its historical context. Such approaches should consider both the cultural and political implications of translation as well as its aesthetic and literary aspects.

5. The history of translation can serve as a useful tool for understanding the shifting power and identity dynamics of the present. It can help to bridge the gap between different cultures, languages and contexts, while also providing a better understanding of the implications of translation for contemporary debates on identity, power and cultural interaction.

6. Niranjana also refers to the works of theorists such as Gayatri Spivak and Jacques Derrida, who have argued that translation has implications for identity formation and power dynamics.

7. Tejaswini Niranjana refers to the works of theorists such as Walter Benjamin, Eugenio Coseriu, and Susan Bassnett in her article. These theorists have argued that translation is an integral part of the cultural process of interpreting and re-interpreting meaning across languages and contexts.

Niranjana begins by pointing out that the study of history has traditionally been dominated by Western perspectives, with non-Western histories often being marginalized or ignored. This has led to a distorted understanding of the past, as the experiences and perspectives of non-Western cultures have not been adequately represented. Translation has played a significant role in this process, as it has often been used to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from non-Western cultures to the West.

However, Niranjana argues that this process of translation is not neutral, as it involves the interpretation and reinterpretation of cultural and historical contexts. Translators must make decisions about how to render words and concepts from one language into another, and these decisions can have a significant impact on the way in which history is understood.

Niranjana goes on to discuss the role of translation in the colonial context, where it was often used as a tool to exert control over colonized peoples. She cites the example of colonial administrators in India who used translation to impose Western legal and political systems on the Indian population. This translation process was not only a matter of converting one language to another but was also a means of imposing Western cultural and political values on non-Western cultures.

In conclusion, Niranjana argues that translation is an essential aspect of the production and dissemination of historical knowledge. It is necessary to consider the cultural and historical contexts in which translation takes place. She calls for a more nuanced and critical approach to translation, one that takes into account the power dynamics at play and the ways in which translation can shape our understanding of the past.

YouTube Video Recording:

 

Presentation:

I am sharing 'I am sharing 'Introduction _ History in Translation ' with you' with you.pptx from HinabaSarvaiya

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'On Translating a Tamil Poem' by A.K. Ramanujan

This blog is in response to Dr Dilip Barad's task. We are studying "Comparative Literature and Translation Studies" in the fourth semester of the master of arts program. Students deliver introductory presentations on the assigned articles in this paper. A.K. Ramanujan's article "On Translating a Tamil Poem" on translation studies can be found here. This blog includes the presentation as well as a video recording of that presentation.

Source

This article by A.K. Ramanujan discusses the challenges and rewards of translating a Tamil poem. He looks at the difficulty of preserving the original meaning of the poem while making it relevant to a different audience. He also examines the importance of understanding the cultural context of the poem in order to get the most out of it. He concludes by discussing the potential for a translator to bring out the beauty of a poem, as well as the potential for misinterpreting a poem due to the translator’s own biases and lack of understanding of the original culture.

Abstract:

The article or an excerpt - if to say so with reference to the book titled 'The Collected Essays of A. K. Ramanujan' (1999) - titled as 'On Translating a Tamil Poem' discusses the difficulties in translating one literary text having its origin in a native or particular language into the foreign language on grounds of the diverse nature of phonetics, linguistics, and grammatical aspects of the selected languages which are tabled for translating the text into them. The essay gives meticulous accounts of difficulties and variation with ample examples from Tamil Poetry and English Rhymes while translating the selected text of one language into another one/s. It serves as the pre-reading piece for any translator of the world working within or without the boundaries of academics or as a freelancer translator. The author has objectively put the practical exertion of translation and become part of the vast field of Translation Studies.

The key arguments of the article are: 

1. The difficulty of preserving the original meaning of a Tamil poem while making it relevant to a different audience. 

2. The importance of understanding the cultural context of the poem in order to get the most out of it. 

3. The potential for a translator to bring out the beauty of a poem. 

4. The potential for misinterpreting a poem due to the translator’s own biases and lack of understanding of the original culture. 

This article is written in three parts: 

1. The Difficulty of Accurately Conveying Spirit: Ramanujan begins this essay by discussing the difficulty of accurately conveying the poetic spirit of works across linguistic boundaries. 

2. Investigating the Nuances of Translation: Ramanujan investigates the nuances of translation by detailing the specific differences between Tamil and English poetry. 

3. The Best Solution: Ramanujan ultimately finds that the best solution is for translators to understand the cultural context and related influences of the author.

In the article “On Translating a Tamil Poem,” Ramanujan explores the challenges that come with translating a poem from the Tamil language into something more accessible to those who don’t have a deep understanding of the language. He uses the example of a particular poem he had translated to illustrate the difficulties he faced. The poem, “A Bird in the Banyan Tree,” was written by the Indian poet U.V. Swaminatha Iyer.

Ramanujan demonstrates the complexities associated with translating a poem like this. He discusses how the Tamil language is full of words and cultural references that do not translate well into English. He cites examples of how certain words in the poem simply could not be translated and had to be replaced with other words that were still close in meaning. He also talks about how certain words can have multiple meanings, and how the translator must be aware of the exact nuance and choose the right word to communicate the same feeling in English.

1. Polysemy: the ability for one word to have multiple meanings, and how the translator must be aware of the exact nuance to choose the right word to communicate the same feeling in English.

2. Syntax: the structure and length of the English language, and how the translator must be willing to sacrifice certain details or phrases in order to make the poem accessible to a wider audience.

3. Semantics: the cultural references that do not translate well into English, and how certain words must be replaced with other words that are still close in meaning.

4. Pragmatics: the importance of being aware of both the language and culture of the source material and of being willing to sacrifice certain details in order to communicate the main idea and feeling of the poem.

5. Stylistics: the complexities associated with translating a poem, and how the translator must be aware of the nuances and poetic conventions associated with the poem.

Ramanujan also outlines some of the limitations he faced while translating the poem, such as the length and structure of the English language. He talks about how the translator must be willing to sacrifice certain details or phrases in order to make the poem accessible to a wider audience.

Ramanujan’s article is an important piece of writing for anyone interested in poetry translation. It discusses the intricacies and challenges of translating from one language to another and provides incredible insight into the process. It also highlights the importance of being aware of both the language and culture of the source material and of being willing to sacrifice certain details in order to communicate the main idea and feeling of the poem. Ramanujan’s article is still studied and respected to this day, and it is clear why.

On Translating a Tamil Poem - A. K. Ramanujan.pptx from Nirav Amreliya

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Translation and Literary History: An Indian View by Ganesh Devy

Translation Studies 

Translation and Literary History: An Indian View by Ganesh Devy

This blog is a response to the task assigned by our professor, Dr Dilip Barad. On 15th December 2022, my classmate (presentation collaborator) Emisha Ravani and I made an introductory presentation on Ganesh Devy's article "Translation and Literary History: An Indian View".

Presentation:

Translation and literary History An Indian View by Ganesh Devi.pptx from Nilay Rathod

Youtube Video:

YT Playlist:

Link to all the presentations (YouTube playlist). All of the presentations related to this task on Comparative Literature & Translation Studies will be available here.

‘Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Possible Futures for a Discipline’ by Todd Presner

‘Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Possible Futures for a Discipline’ by Todd Presner

Todd Presner

Abstract:

In his article, "Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Possible Futures for a Discipline," Todd Presner examines how recent developments in digital humanities can be used to shape the future of the discipline of comparative literature. He argues that the digital humanities represent an opportunity to rethink the traditional boundaries of comparative literature, and encourages scholars to embrace digital tools and resources in their research and teaching. To support this argument, Presner outlines the potential contributions offered by the digital humanities, including the potential to uncover previously hidden connections, to move beyond traditional national canons, and to use digital media to draw attention to historical memory and archives. In conclusion, Presner encourages a diversity of perspectives on the use of digital humanities in comparative literature, recognizing the challenges as well as the opportunities for the field.

Key Arguments:

Firstly, he argues that technology can be used as a tool to bridge gaps in culture, language, and history in Comparative Literary Studies. He states that the application of digital tools could be used by scholar to move beyond limitation of traditional methods in comparative literary studies and transcends boundaries. 

Secondly, he suggests that digital media and digital humanities can be used to frame and analyze literature from multiple angles. He claims that the digital experiments of digital humanities can produce new forms of knowledge, and can create Intellectual methodologies for an in-depth exploration of work of art, literary and other kinds of works. 

Thirdly he argues that digital media can help to transform the way of teaching and learning of Comparative Literary Studies. He claims that the digital humanities can create multiple benefits to students and teachers in learning, teaching and creating texts. 

Finally, he states that the digital humanities also helps to create new collaborative models of research and publications. He states that the digital media can bring a new form of knowledge in learning, teaching and researching Comparative Literary Studies.

The article ‘Comparative Literature in the Age of Digital Humanities: On Possible Futures for a Discipline’ by Todd Presner is a thorough examination of the potential impact of digital humanities on the field of comparative literature. Presner begins by discussing the history and current state of comparative literature, tracing the discipline back to its roots in the nineteenth century and highlighting its contemporary focus on interdisciplinary approaches to literature. He then considers the possibilities that digital technologies and approaches may have for the field, arguing that these new technologies and approaches have the potential to expand comparative literature beyond its traditional boundaries. In particular, he suggests that digital humanities can provide a way for comparative literature to engage more deeply in interdisciplinary projects, to explore the global context of literature, and to enable new forms of research and data gathering. 

Presner then applies this theoretical framework to two specific cases: the use of digital technologies to study transnational literature and the use of social media and digital archives to study literature from the past. With regards to transnational literature, he argues that digital technologies can help scholars better contextualize the texts and explore the complex ways in which literature interacts with other disciplines, such as politics, economics, and culture. He argues that digital humanities can also provide a way for scholars to explore the past, making use of digital archives and social media to examine authors, texts, and contexts that were previously unreachable.

Finally, Presner provides a series of recommendations for the field of comparative literature, in order to ensure that it remain relevant and engaged with the developments in digital humanities. He argues that comparative literature should focus on developing engaging digital projects that are both interdisciplinary and international in scope. He also suggests that institutes and organizations should focus on providing support for digital projects in order to encourage scholars to explore new ways of engaging with literature and other disciplines. Moreover, Presner suggests that more traditional academic approaches should be used alongside digital projects in order to ensure that a robust understanding of literature and its contexts can be attained.

Overall, Presner’s article is a thorough examination of the potential impact of digital humanities on the field of comparative literature. His point that digital humanities can help comparative literature engage in more interdisciplinary projects and explore global contexts is particularly compelling and his advice on how to ensure that the field remains engaged and relevant is both timely and necessary.

Comparative_Literature_in_the_Age_of_Digital_Humanities.pptx from VachchhalataJoshi

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“What is Comparative Literature Today?" by Susan Bassnett

“What is Comparative Literature Today?" by Susan Bassnett

Abstract:

This article examines the current state of Comparative Literature as an academic discipline, its goals, methods, and influence. It examines the history of the discipline and how it has changed over the decades, from its inception as a formal discipline in the nineteenth century to its current focus on intercultural studies of language, literature, and culture. The article examines various theories of Comparative Literature and explores how they can be used to understand literature, culture, and history. It highlights the importance of intercultural studies and their ability to challenge traditional theoretical frameworks. It finally looks at the relevance of Comparative Literature in the contemporary world and suggests that Comparative Literature is better equipped than ever to offer meaningful insight and understanding of the culture in which we live.

Sooner or later, anyone who claims to be working in comparative literature has to try and answer the inevitable question: What is it? The simplest answer is that comparative literature involves the study of texts across cultures, that it is interdisciplinary and that it is concerned with patterns of connection in literature across both time and space. ( Bassnett).

 "Everywhere there is connection, everywhere there is illustration," as Matthew Arnold puts it. According to Susan Bassnett, everybody who is interested in books is on the path to comparative literature.

Key Arguments:

1. Comparative literature is a field of study that has shifted and evolved over time.

2. Comparative literature demands a broader understanding of literature and culture than traditional literary study.

3. Comparative literature allows for the examination of text, media, and culture in a global context, rather than within a single national or regional literary tradition.

4. Comparative literature encourages in-depth intertextual analysis, as well as a critical engagement with social, political, and economic issues.

5. Comparative literature is important for understanding the connections between different types of literature, media, and cultural productions.

6. Comparative literature has the potential to produce dialogue, understanding, and collaboration across cultures and disciplines. 

Introduction:

This article explores the concept of comparative literature today. It focuses on the importance of a wider context in which to place works of literature, as well as the role of cultural and historical knowledge in comparing texts. It also evaluates recent theoretical approaches to the discipline, discussing the implications of some of the new concepts. Susan Bassnett argues that comparative literature has the potential to be both interdisciplinary and politically engaged, and that an understanding of the cultural and ideological contexts within which texts are produced and received is essential for its development. This article provides an overview of the goals, opportunities and challenges in comparative literature today.

Susan Bassnett is one of the leading figures in the field of Comparative Literature. In her article, “What is Comparative Literature Today?” she provides her insights on what Comparative Literature is and how it has evolved over the years. 

In her article, Bassnett defines Comparative Literature as the “study of literature across languages, cultures and periods”. She explains that the aim of Comparative Literature is to “explore the relationships between works of literature from different cultures and periods, as well as the relationships between literature and other forms of expression.” She further elaborates that Comparative Literature is a “way of thinking about literature” and that it is “not limited to the study of language, but also includes the study of other forms of expression, such as music and visual arts.”

Bassnett begins the article by noting the diversity of research topics that Comparative Literature encompasses, citing them as “literatures of all cultures, languages, genres, and periods.” She argues that Comparative Literature is a “true interdiscipline” because it encourages and enables cross-cultural engagement between different theories and practices. This cross-cultural engagement allows scholars to “link up” topics of interest and explore them in ways that would not be possible in a single discipline.

She also discusses the idea that Comparative Literature challenges long-held preconceptions about literature and tradition. By examining literature from a global perspective, scholars are able to engage in “transnational dialogue” that moves beyond a localized idea of “national literature”. In doing so, the interdisciplinarity of Comparative Literature encourages “intertextuality and interculturality” which can contribute to a greater understanding of literature across different cultures.

Bassnett then goes on to discuss the history of Comparative Literature. She explains that the field was initially developed in the 19th century, when the study of literature was dominated by the idea that literature could only be studied in its own language. Comparative Literature sought to challenge this notion by looking at literature in its international context. She explains that Comparative Literature was initially seen as a “marginal field”, but has since grown in popularity and has become a “core discipline” in many universities.

Bassnett then goes on to discuss what Comparative Literature looks like today. She explains that it has become much broader in scope, with a focus on “the relationships between literature and other forms of expression, such as music and visual arts, as well as the relationships between literature and other disciplines, such as sociology and history.” She further explains that Comparative Literature has become more interdisciplinary, with a focus on the connections between literature and other areas of study. 

Finally, Bassnett discusses the implications of Comparative Literature for the future. She argues that, as the world becomes more globalized, it is increasingly important to understand the connections between literature from different cultures and periods. She argues that Comparative Literature has the potential to “open up new ways of understanding the world” and to provide “a bridge between cultures, which can help us to better understand and appreciate each other.”

Overall, Susan Bassnett’s article provides an insightful look into the history and current state of Comparative Literature. She clearly explains the evolution of the field, as well as its current applications and potential implications for the future. Her article is an important contribution to the field and serves as a valuable resource for anyone interested in Comparative Literature.

 

Introduction: what is comparative literature Today ? from JanviNakum

Words: 1013

Themetic Study of Selected Poems - African Literature

This blog is a response to the task assigned by Yesha Bhatt ma'am. This task is a reflection of the group activity done in the classroom where we wrote and presented our views on the respective poem. In this blog, I am going to write about my views on the themes of poems.

Vultures by Chinua Achebe

Inhumanity: The poem paints a stark picture of the immense inhumanity and cruelty of the evil in the world. The poem begins by describing two vultures perched upon a dead tree, “nestled close to each other”. The image of the vultures symbolizes death and destruction and serves to illustrate the immense cruelty in the world. Then, when discussing the Commandant at Belsen Camp, this theme of inhumanity is further reinforced. The Commandant, who has “fumes of human roast clinging rebelliously to his hairy nostrils” is still capable of performing an act of tenderness and showing his “tender offspring” empathy. This image serves to illustrate how even those committing such great evil still hold a capacity for love and compassion.

Good and Evil: Achebe furthers the idea of good and evil by contrasting the “fumes of human roast” to that of the Commandant’s “glow-worm tenderness”. Through this juxtaposition, Achebe is suggesting that within even the cruelest of people, there lies the capacity for love, compassion, and kindness. This theme is further reinforced through the image of the vultures and their tender relationship. Perpetuity of Evil: Achebe also speaks to the idea that the perpetuity of evil lies within the “germ of kindred love”, suggesting that despite the good that is nestled within even the cruellest of people, it often does not prevent them from perpetuating the evil. In this poem, Achebe conveys that despite the human capacity for good, evil still finds its way into the world and persists. Redemption: The poem ultimately implies that redemption from evil can be found in the power of love and understanding. Achebe suggests that although the Commandant at Belsen camp could have easily been just another symbol of evil and cruelty, there is still hope in the fact that he was capable of performing an act of tenderness and expressing his love for his “tender offspring”. The poem implies that no one is beyond redemption and that in the very face of evil, love and kindness will always prevail.

Live Burial by Wole Soyinka

The main themes of this poem are injustice, power imbalance, oppression, and the search for truth. The poem begins by describing the oppressive tactics used to drill into a person’s sanity. The idea of a “siege against humanity and truth” is present, showcasing the power imbalance between the oppressor and the oppressed. The poem then mentions Antigone, which suggests a theme of injustice, as Antigone is a character known for her pursuit of justice in spite of its ramifications. The mention of “manure of present-birth” further evokes the theme of injustice, as it links back to the notion of power imbalance by emphasizing the inequity that the oppressed are forced to endure. The poem then goes on to describe the dismissal of truth and justice that the oppressors impose. This is highlighted by the metaphor of “banking his poetic licence”, referring to the neglect of truth and knowledge to be replaced with lies and propaganda. The poem then mentions Galileo and the story of how his pursuit of truth and refusal to recant led to his being persecuted by the church. This reinforces the themes of oppression and unfairness, as despite being punished for his search for knowledge, Galileo is also seen as a hero for standing up for what he believed in. Finally, the poem mentions the voyeur, who “times his sly patrol” for the hour upon the throne. This serves to reiterate the theme of power imbalance and oppression, as the voyeur searches for those who do not comply with the oppressive rules that are imposed by those in power. Overall, the poem of "Burial" by Wole Soyinka is a powerful commentary on the injustices that the oppressed face, and the search for truth and justice in a world of oppressive power structures.

You Laughed and Laughed and Laughed
Gabriel Okara

The primary theme of Gabriel Okara's poem “You Laughed and Laughed and Laughed" is one of cultural relativism. Through his use of dialogue and imagery, Okara paints a vivid picture of the clash between two ways of life. On one hand, the speaker is presenting his “mystic inside”: a traditional, communal style of living which emphasizes connection with the natural world, resonant with music, and is less familiar to the modern western world. On the other hand, the listener is presented with technology, materialism, and individualism, personified in the figure of the driver of a car. The speaker reflects on the ways in which their traditional culture has been eroded and replaced by Western culture, and the sadness and confusion they feel as a result. This is seen in lines such as "You laughed and laughed at my nakedness" and "And you laughed and laughed at my screams." The poem emphasizes the importance of respecting cultural differences, as well as the healing power of connection. In the beginning, the poem conveys a sense of disappointment in the listener's laughter at the speaker's seemingly “inhuman” ante-natal walk. Okara goes on to explain how laughter only serves to “freeze” the listener's “inside,” further conveying a feeling of sorrow at the clash of cultures. However, in the second half of the poem, Okara conveys a message of hope. After the speaker offers the listener a glimpse of the “living warmth of the earth,” he notices a change in the listener's attitude. The line “a meek wonder held your shadow and you whispered ‘Why so?’” suggests a newfound appreciation of the two different ways of life. The poem ends with the speaker offering the listener understanding, instead of criticism. Ultimately, “You Laughed and Laughed and Laughed” conveys the idea that different people and cultures should not be judged by different standards. Instead, Okara encourages readers to recognize cultural differences and strive for understanding and acceptance. He sends a message of hope, emphasizing that mutual respect and dialogue can lead to connection, despite our varying backgrounds.

Comparative Studies

 Comparative Studies

This Blog is a response to the task assigned by our professor Dr. Dilip Barad. In this blog, I will write an overview of the previously presented and discussed articles.

Source

1. Why Comparative Indian Literature? by Sisir Kumar Das

In this article, Sisir Kumar Das argues that the word ‘comparative’ has created some confusion and one wonders whether it is being used to lend responsibly to the study of Indian languages by linking it up with comparative literature. 

As he says that the term comparative Indian Literature, like comparative literature, is not self-explanatory, and it is necessary not only to define the term ‘Indian literature but also to define the necessity of the qualifier. He furthers Indian literature as a totally different category from comparative or world literature. 

"If Indian literature means the sum total of literatures written in Indian languages, then it can hardly serve as a significant literary category."

This article, “Why Comparative Indian Literature?” by Sisir Kumar Das, explores the importance of comparative Indian literature. According to Das, the study of comparative Indian literature can help to bridge the gap between India’s diverse regions and cultures. He argues that by understanding the literature of each region, readers can gain insight into the beliefs and values of different populations.

Das further argues that comparative Indian literature has the potential to strengthen India’s national identity. He claims that by reading works from different regions, readers can gain a better understanding of the various cultures and traditions of India. Furthermore, by reading literature from different regions, readers can gain an appreciation for the diversity of Indian thought and culture.

Das also makes the case that comparative Indian literature is crucial for fostering intercultural dialogue and understanding. He argues that literature can be used as a tool to bridge the divide between cultures and to foster mutual understanding and respect. He further argues that comparative Indian literature can help to foster a more unified and tolerant India.

Overall, Das’s article makes a compelling case for the importance of comparative Indian literature. He argues that comparative Indian literature can help to foster a greater understanding between India’s diverse regions and cultures. He further argues that comparative Indian literature can help to foster a more unified and tolerant India. Finally, he argues that comparative Indian literature has the potential to strengthen India’s national identity. In conclusion, Das’s article provides a persuasive argument for the importance of comparative Indian literature.

Why Comparative Indian Literature .pptx from Aamena Rangwala

2. “Comparative Literature in India” by Amiya Dev:

Amiya Dev’s article “Comparative Literature in India” provides an interesting look into the role language and literature play in Indian culture. Dev analyzes the linguistic diversity of India and how, despite this diversity, all citizens undeniably share a core set of values and beliefs that shape the nation’s cultural cohesion. Dev argues that the act of reading and writing comparative literature has the potential to bridge many of the divides that exist between India’s different language communities.

Dev begins by exploring the variety of languages used in India, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Tamil, Bengali and many others. He notes that this linguistic plurality is often used to divide India into distinct cultural and linguistic subgroups, thus leading to discord and disharmony between them. Dev argues that one way to begin to foster unity among these different language communities is through the study of comparative literature. Through reading and writing comparative literature, citizens of different languages can learn to understand and appreciate those of different backgrounds, thus strengthening intercultural understanding and appreciation.

Dev points out that India’s colonial past has had a significant impact on its literature. He argues that understanding Indian literature and its historical context can prove valuable in understanding the nation’s place in today’s world. Dev believes that by studying Indian literature through a comparative lens, readers can gain insight into the various cultural nuances that shape India’s national identity.

By engaging in comparative literature, Dev suggests that Indian citizens can become more aware of their own literary heritage, and in turn be better equipped to understand and appreciate those from other language communities. This type of increased understanding and empathy can have a positive effect on India’s future by strengthening its cultural identity and encouraging greater unity among its citizens. In this way, comparative literature can serve as a powerful tool for fostering unity and a shared sense of belonging among the different language communities of India.

Overall, Amiya Dev’s article provides an insightful look into the importance of comparative literature in India. Through his analysis, Dev demonstrates the potential of comparative literature in bridging divides between language communities and fostering greater understanding and appreciation among them. Ultimately, Dev’s article serves as a reminder of the important role that literature and language can play in strengthening cultural cohesion within India.

Key takeaways from Amiya Dev’s article “Comparative Literature in India”

1. Comparative literature is an interdisciplinary field of literary and cultural studies which looks at similarities and differences between texts across cultures.

2. In India, comparative literature is not widely known or appreciated, but it offers the potential to deepen the understanding of Indian literature.

3. Indian writers and scholars need to open their minds to the study of foreign literature and intertextuality in order to appreciate the cultural richness of their own literature.

4. Comparative literature in India still faces challenges such as lack of infrastructure and funding, but it is slowly becoming more accepted and visible.

5. Digital technologies offer new opportunities to re-connect Indian literary history to its global context, and to facilitate access to cross-cultural dialogue and exchange.

Comparative Literature and Culture from divyaparmar44

3.  “Comparative Literature in India: An Overview of its History” by Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta

Comparative Literature in India is a phenomenon that is not only fascinating but also immensely relevant. In this article, Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta takes a closer look at the history of Comparative Literature in India and offers a comprehensive overview of its evolution over the years.

The article begins by noting that Comparative Literature in India is a comparatively newer field of study when compared to the long established literary and creative traditions of India. It is noted that the beginnings of Comparative Literature in India can be traced back to Rabindranath Tagore who, in his 1925 IATC lecture, famously advocated for an intangible ‘literature beyond borders’. Subsequently, Dasgupta chronicles the emergence of Comparative Literature in India within the broader sphere of academic curriculum, detailing its inclusion in the syllabi of leading Indian universities and the increasing number of research projects, national and international conferences related to the field.

The article goes on to explore the nuances of the development and practice of Comparative Literature in India, especially in the context of classical Indian philosophies like Vedanta and Kashmir Shaivism as well as other Indological disciplines such as Comparative Mythology, Literature and Religion. Exploring the multifaceted nature of Comparative Literature in India, Dasgupta argues that it is not limited to the study of two literatures but covers a gamut of multilingual, multicultural and interdisciplinary areas of understanding.

The article then looks at the impact of Comparative Literature in India and its potential to unearth the deeper ethical and philosophical underpinnings of our rich cultural heritage. This can help to foster an environment of greater understanding, mutual respect and appreciation between communities, languages and cultures. The article stresses the importance of interdisciplinary research, cross-cultural dialogue and academic collaboration for furthering the cause of Comparative Literature in India.

In conclusion, Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta offers valuable insight into the history and evolution of Comparative Literature in India and how this field can be used to enhance mutual understanding and appreciation between different languages, societies and religions. This helpful article is sure to spark great interest and debate among literary scholars in India and abroad.

Key Takeaways:

1. Comparative literature in India has a long history, with its roots traceable to ancient texts.

2. Comparative literature in India began to flourish in the 19th century with a focus on a comparative study of Indian and European literatures.

3. Comparative literary studies in India experienced a period of growth and expansion in the mid-twentieth century and continues to be vibrant today.

4. The scope and range of comparative literary studies in India has expanded in recent years to include a greater focus on exploring the diversity of Indian literature, as well as examining literary cross-cultural interactions.

5. Comparative literary studies in India has been both enriched by, and have contributed to, the flourishing of Indian literature in dialects, genres, and themes.

6. Comparative literary studies has helped to foster new conversations between writers, scholars and readers, and continues to inspire new understandings and interpretations of literature. 

COMPARATIVE LITERATURE IN INDIA: overview of its history by Subha Chakraborty Dasgupta from Jheel Barad

Here is the playlist link; the rest of the presentation will be available here.